Daily Mail UK Feature by William Hazelgrove on the War of the Worlds Broadcast

The Real Carnage behind Orson Welles War of the Worlds Broadcast By William Elliott Hazelgrove

When I researched Dead Air The Night Orson Welles Terrified America, I found it hard to believe that intelligent people could believe Martians had landed on earth and were exterminating people with poison gas and heat rays. But in going through hundreds of newspapers and eyewitness accounts, I found out that through a perfect storm of events, millions of Americans did believe in fact the end of the world was at hand. Here is how it happened. At 8 PM Eastern on Halloween eve, October 30, 1938, Orson Welles broadcast his seventeenth episode of Mercury Theatre on the Air from a CBS studio high up in the Manhattan skyline. The twenty-three-year-old proclaimed genius was putting on a radio play based on an old novel by HG Wells called War of the Worlds. It was a fantastic story about Martians coming to earth and incinerating and gassing humans with heat ray guns and tentacles pumping out poisonous gas. Who would believe such a story from a man who raced around Manhattan in an ambulance to get from one radio show to another on time and had made his mark as the voice of The Shadow. Martians…really? But people did believe, in fact, up to twelve million people listened and believed Martians had landed and were exterminating the human race. The entire country had been on edge from Hitler’s threat to invade the Sudetenland weeks before and touch off World War II. The depression had dragged on. Radio had grown with ninety percent of the population possessing a radio and Congress had just required all cars to have an AM radio with the AM Amplitude Act. The radio show Amos and Andy was so popular utility companies reported people didn’t flush toilets during the show and movies stopped to play the latest episode along with a show featuring a dummy who belched out theatrics named Charlie McCarthy. The Golden Age of radio was in full swing as BREAKING NEWS BULLETINS peppered the American people with news of imminent war, natural catastrophes, and horrific crimes. People were waiting for the other shoe to drop as autumn closed in on Halloween and leaves scraped down sidewalks. Mercury Theatre on the Air’s seventeenth show began on October 30, 1938, at 8 PM Eastern. Orson Welles used a revolutionary breaking news format for his radio show which was really a broadcast in a broadcast. The beginning starts with Ramon Roquello and his orchestra playing in the ballroom of a local New York hotel when suddenly the first breaking news bulletin pulls listeners to Grovers Mill New Jersey where a Martian cylinder has landed. When the cylinder opens the Martians begin incinerating people. Orson’s on the spot reporter, Frank Reddick, is vaporized on the air as Orson holds up his hands for quiet in the studio and begins six seconds of dead air. This is the terrifying heart of the broadcast where the third wall of radio is pierced, and radio itself becomes part of the story. Six seconds of dead air convinces the listeners they have just heard a man burned alive and die. Now the Martians are heading for New York and the rest of the country. By now, people have left their radios, jumped in their cars, subways, taxis, started running, hiding, anything to get away from the awful terror Orson Welles unleashed from his broadcast that used the real names of towns and streets. Police stations and CBS switchboards lit up with frantic callers halfway into the broadcast. CBS executives and the police try to gain entrance to the studio to stop the broadcast, but Orson’s partner, John Houseman, keeps the door locked so Orson can make it to the station break and finish unleashing the terror. The Manhattan switchboards are overwhelmed with calls and police stations are overrun by people with their belongings demanding gas masks and demanding to know where to escape the murdering Martians. Traffic becomes a demolition derby as motorists listen and drive seventy miles an hour through stoplights and don’t stop for the police. Suddenly, everyone was speeding while the 126 affiliates of CBS spread Orson Welles broadcast from coast to coast. A Hollywood executive and his wife driving in the Redwood Forest in California hear the broadcast and try to get back home to their children but run out of gas. They write later that all they could do was wait to be incinerated by the invading Martians. People run out of restaurants without paying their checks. Bartenders leave customers to drink as much as they want. A man just out of surgery jumps out of his hospital bed, dresses, and drives himself home bleeding all over his car. A woman who had a baby is left when all the nurses run into the hallway and start crying. Another woman who had just been married finds herself alone at her reception and has the band strike up the Charleston while she dances for a half hour. A man comes home to find his wife staring at a bottle of cyanide at her kitchen table saying she would rather poison herself than let the Martians get her. A man gets a call from his crying daughter at college and drives the hundred miles to her college in his Studebaker, takes the doors off his car, and packs it with crying girls, tying some down across the hood and the trunk, and then driving full speed back down the highway. A bus full of people in North Carolina stops and a man jumps on and tells the driver Martians are killing everyone, and it is the end of the world. The bus driver, in a fit of panic takes his passengers on the wildest ride of their lives while trying to get away from the Martians. A young actress in Manhattan runs out of her apartment and falls down the stairs and breaks her arm. The next day she is featured all over the nation in front page articles proclaiming her a war casualty. People run into churches and scream that it is the end of the world while panicked congregations run out. In theatres, people shout Martians are killing everyone and the theaters empty out in minutes. A ma who has had an affair confesses to his wife only to find out later the broadcast wasn’t real. People in Concrete Washington run for the mountains after a power failure occurs during the broadcast. People run out of apartment buildings with wet blankets over their heads while hospitals all over the country admit people for shock and heart attacks. Men in Grovers Mill New Jersey, where the Martians land, ride around with shotguns and shoot up a water tower they think is one of the murdering Martians. The military issues an alert stating Martians are not invading and that there is no danger. Operators across the country answer calls saying four words. There are no Martians. Phone lines clog all over the country as people try and call loved ones for last goodbyes. Panic spreads as ten million people from the Charlie McCarthy show begin twisting the dial when Eddie Nelson begins to sing, and they land on War of the Worlds. Many people don’t even hear the broadcast but are told by family members to run for their lives. A man drives through his garage door, then looks at his wife and says, “Well, at least we don’t have to fix it.” The big newspapers tell the tale the next morning. RADIO PLAY TERRIFIES NATION, RADIO FAKE SCARES NATION, FAKE RADIO WAR STIRS TERROR THROUGH US. The terror continues until the morning when the hoax is revealed. Orson and CBS receive death threats and lawsuits are launched while the FCC surveys the damage and considers censoring radio. A press conference is held where Orson Welles pleads innocent, but this does nothing to quell the anger at Welles and CBS. It takes the famous columnist, Dorthy Parker, in an editorial to proclaim Welles a genius for showing how gullible, uneducated, and ignorant Americans are to believe such a ridiculous radio show. The columnist proclaims Orson a hero for showing what Adolf Hitler could do with the radio. Orson comes out smelling like a rose with a contract from RKO to go to Hollywood where he will make the greatest film ever, Citizen Kane. Years later during a bond drive, Orson is attacked in a hotel lobby by a man screaming he would kill him if he ever saw him again. Later, it was found his wife had committed suicide on the night of the broadcast of the War of the Worlds. Many have said Orson Welles never intended to create the mass panic of War of the Worlds. Part magician, thespian, conman, genius, the War of the Worlds broadcast was Orson’s greatest sleight of hand. Of course he meant to do it.